display: flex is one of the most used layout tools in modern CSS. It solves common alignment problems that were painful with floats and positioning. This guide explains Flexbox in a clean, practical way with tables and real usage patterns. What is CSS Flexbox? Flexbox (Flexible Box Layout) is a one‑dimensional layout system used to … Read more
Introduction Shallow copy and deep copy are fundamental concepts in programming, especially when working with objects, arrays, and memory references. Misunderstanding them often leads to bugs, unexpected data mutation, and performance issues. This article explains both concepts clearly with practical examples. What Is a Shallow Copy? A shallow copy creates a new object, but it … Read more
Introduction An API Gateway acts as a single entry point between clients and backend services. In modern microservices-based systems, it plays a critical role in routing, security, performance, and system stability. Instead of exposing multiple services directly to clients, requests are handled centrally through the gateway. What Is an API Gateway? An API Gateway is … Read more
Modern web applications rely on APIs for client-server communication. Two dominant approaches are REST and GraphQL. Both solve similar problems but use different architectural models and trade-offs. What Is REST? REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. It follows resource-based routing and standard HTTP methods. Example: Key Characteristics Strengths Limitations … Read more
The MERN stack (MongoDB, Express, React, Node.js) is widely used for rapid development, MVPs, and modern web applications. As traffic, data volume, and team size increase, scaling a MERN-based system requires stronger architectural discipline, infrastructure planning, and performance optimization. This article examines the architectural and operational challenges teams may encounter when scaling MERN in large, … Read more
JavaScript execution context defines how and where code is evaluated and executed. Every time JavaScript runs a script, a function, or a block, it creates an execution context to manage variables, scope, and this binding. Types of Execution Context JavaScript has three main execution contexts: 1. Global Execution Context (GEC) Example: Here, x and test() … Read more
This guide is based on real production experience. No theory. Only changes that actually improve load time, Core Web Vitals, and crawl efficiency. CSS Optimization JavaScript Optimization jQuery Handling Image Optimization Font Optimization Lazy Loading Strategy Network Optimization Caching Strategy Static Cache Policy Server & Backend Optimization Content & DOM Optimization Script Control What Actually … Read more
Closures are one of the most important and most misunderstood concepts in JavaScript. If you work with callbacks, event handlers, React hooks, or async code, you are already using closures—whether you realize it or not. This article explains closures from the ground up, with real-world examples, performance notes, and common pitfalls. Closure Definition (In Simple … Read more
CSS entities are not a standalone CSS feature, but they play a critical role in how CSS handles special characters, symbols, and reserved characters when styles interact with HTML and text content. Misunderstanding entities often leads to broken layouts, invalid CSS, or rendering issues—especially in pseudo-elements, content properties, and embedded styles. This guide explains CSS … Read more
Event bubbling is a core concept in JavaScript’s event model. It describes how events propagate through the DOM hierarchy after they are triggered on an element. In simple terms: when an event happens on a child element, it automatically travels upward to its parent elements, one by one, until it reaches the document root. This … Read more